I will move a little faster in this tutorial while still explaining the new stuff in detail.  I will assume that you have completed the fruits tutorial and it’s prerequisites.

This tutorial will be a multipart series as it will be a little longer than my previous ones.  In this first tutorial, you will learn:

• Create a NavigationBased Application
• Create a Database
• Add the Database to Your Project
• Add the SQLite3 Framework
• Create a Todo Class Object
• Initialize the Database

So let’s get started…

Open up X-Code and Select File->New Project… Select Navigation-Based Application and click Choose…

Name your project todo.  Now let’s create the todo database that we will be using.  Open up the Terminal application on your Mac.  This is located in Applications > Utilities.

If you have installed XCode, you should have mysqlite3 already on your computer.  To check this, type:

sqlite3 into the Terminal and sqlite3 should start. Type .quit to exit. If sqlite3 is not installed, install all of the XTools from your Mac Installation Disk.

Now that the terminal is open let’s create the database. This is done with the command:

sqlite3 todo.sqlite

SQLite3 will now start and load the todo.sqlite database.  By default the database is empty and contains no tables.  If you need a refresher on the basics of SQL databases Google It. Since our application is fairly simple, we only need to create one table.  We will create a table called todo by typing the following statement:

CREATE TABLE todo(pk INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, text VARCHAR(25), priority INTEGER, complete BOOLEAN);

One thing to note here is the pk field.  It is the primary key of the table.  This adds functionality such that every time a row is added to the database, it auto-increments this field.  This will be a unique identifier to identify each row.  All of the other fields should be fairly self explanitory.

Now that our table has been created, let’s add some data.  We will eventually be adding todo items within our app, but for now we will add some defaults.  Type the following commands below.

INSERT INTO todo(text,priority,complete) VALUES('Take out the trash',3,0);
INSERT INTO todo(text,priority,complete) VALUES('Do Computer Science homework',1,0);
INSERT INTO todo(text,priority,complete) VALUES('Learn Objective C',1,0);
INSERT INTO todo(text,priority,complete) VALUES('DIGG this tutorial',2,0);

You can add as many todo items as you would like.  For this tutorial, make sure you enter a priority between 1 and 3 (You’ll see why later).  Now our database has been created and populated let’s exit out of SQLite3.  Do this by typing .quit.  Your terminal window should look something like this.

Now go back to XCode.  Do a Control-Click (right click) on the folder named Resources. Click Add -> Existing Files… and browse to your todo.sqlite file and click Add.  It will then prompt you with a screen like this.

Make sure you check the box that says Copy items into destination group’s folder (if needed). You should now see the todo.sqlite file inside of the resource folder.

Now that we have added the database, we need to load the Objective C libraries so we can use it.  Do a control-click (right click) on the Frameworks folder.  Click Add -> Existing Frameworks.  Now this part is a little strange.  It has been my experience that these libraries are not in the same place on all machines.  So in the search bar type in libsqlite3. The file we are looking for is called libsqlite3.0.dylib. This may pull up multiple files as OSX has it’s own versions of this file.  Just click on the largest of the files that show up and click Add. As you can see, mine is about 1.7 MB.

Now it should add the framework and your directory will look something like this:

We need to create an object to hold our todo information.  We will eventually be making an array of these objects to populate a UITableView.  Go ahead and click File -> New File… Select NSObject Subclass and click Next.

Name this object todo.m and check the box that says Also create “Todo.h” and click Finish.

Open up todo.h and add the following code.

We see some new things here…First, there is a variable of type sqlite3 called database.  This will be a reference to the applications database and will allow the todo object to communicate with it.  Make sure you add a #import<sqlite3.h> in your imports.

Next, we see a primary key.  Notice that in the property declaration it has the keywords assign and readonly.  This tells the compiler that this variable, once assiged, can not be changed again.  This is good since each todo will be uniquely identified by this variable.

Also, I have declared a method called initWithPrimaryKey.  This will be the contstructor for this object.  It takes an integer to assign as the primary key and an sqlite3 object to use as the database reference.

Let’s implement this method…Open up todo.m and add the following code.

There are quite a few new things that need to be explained here.  I will just go through it line by line.

static sqlite3_stmt *init_statement = nil

This will hold our initialize statement when retrieving todo data from the database.  This statement is static, meaning it is independent of any instance.  In other words, there will be only one of them no matter how many todo objects we create.  This statement will get compiled and allow us to do some neat things.  I’ll explain more  in a bit.

The next lines makes sure that the super class (NSObject) initilizes properly before we initilize a todo object.  We then set the local primary key and database objects to the parameters passed to the initWithPrimaryKey method.

Now some interesting stuff happens.  The next lines checks if our init_statment is null.  This will happen only once per launch of the application.  If it is null, we create a new string containing an SQL statement.  If you are familiar with SQL at all, this should look pretty familiar with one exception.  What is a question mark doing in there?  Well, I will tell you.  After the SQL statement gets compiled, we can bind a value to it that will eventually replace the question mark.  So this allows us to have 1 generic SQL statement, but bind different values to it to retrieve different results.  So the next line, you guessed it, prepares the statement and stores it in our init_statement.  The if statement just checks to see if this finished correctly and prints an error if there was a problem.

Moving on… The line sqlite3_bind_int simply replaces that question mark with the primary key of the current todo object, so what we end up with is statements like this:

SELECT text FROM todo WHERE pk = 1;
SELECT text FROM todo WHERE pk = 2;
SELECT text FROM todo WHERE pk = 3;
SELECT text FROM todo WHERE pk = n;

After that, the sqlite3_step(init_statement) method is called.  This method executes the SQL statement on the database.  It is contained inside of an if statement to make sure it executed properly.  Now we can finally access the todo data.  We see this line:

self.text = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char*) sqlite3_column_text(init_statement,0)];

Wow, that’s a mouthful… Let’s analyze it.  The sqlite3_column_text method tells SQL that we want to retrieve a string object from the database.  It has 2 parameters.  The first, is just a reference to the SQL statement that was used.  The second is the column number that we wish to get text from.  So in this case, we only have one column (SELECT text FROM…) so there is only 1 index and that’s the 0th index.  Next, the (char *) is just a cast to a string (might not be needed, but good practice).  And finally, we build an NSString object with the data returned so that we can assign self.text to it.

This is quite a bit to explain in just text.  If I have lost you, feel free to ask me questions in the comments.

We are done with the todo object for now…

Go ahead and open up todoAppDelegate.h and add the following code.

This should look a little familiar with the exception of a few lines.  Notice that I have created an NSMutableArray of todo objects.  This will be (like the fruit example) an array to hold our todo items.  We will eventually use this array to populate a UITableView.  The only new lines here are the import of sqlite3.h and the sqlite3 *database line. Now let’s open up todoAppDelegate.m and add some code.

One new thing we see here is a private interface.  We declared it here because it’s specific to this object so it does not need to be declared in the .h file.  The 2 functions we will implement are createEditableCopyOfDatabaseIfNeeded and initializeDatabase.  Much of the code for these has already been written for us inside of Apple’s SQLBooks tutorial.  I will going through this code and explaining it the best that I can. Add the following code.

What this method is essentially doing is copying the database from your project folder to the documents folder on your iPhone.  This will only happen once as it first checks if the database already exists in the documents folder.  I’m not going to go through this line by line as it is fairly self explanitory.  Apple does a great job of naming functions and variables so that we can understand what is going on.  If I get enough requests in the comments, I’ll do a line-by-line writup of this function.

The next function we will implement is initializeDatabase. Add the following code:

That’s a lot of text! Don’t worry it’s mostly comments.  Let’s analyze this code…Some of it is very similar to the fruits example.

The first line creates and initializes a NSMutableArray.  We then go on to set this array to our object’s todos array and release the temporary object.

The next 3 lines locate the database we created inside of the documents folder.  Following that, the sqlite3_open line open’s the database so we can access its data.  If the database opens correctly, we then proceed to retrieve todo items.  The first line:

const char *sql = "SELECT pk FROM todo";

is an SQL statement that we will use to get all of the primary keys from the database.  We then prepare the statement (as we did inside the todo.m file) only this time there is no “?” in the statement.  That is because there is not condition for retrieving the primary keys.  We are simply saying “give me all of the primary keys in the database”.

Now we see a while loop that is stepping through the SQL results.  Every time we call sqlite3_step, the next result gets retrieved.  The line:

int primaryKey = sqlite3_column_int(statement,0);

retrieves the primary key from each result.  This is very similar to retrieving the text in the todo.m class only  we use the sqlite3_column_int method instead of the sqlite3_column_text method.  This is done for obvious reasons.

After we have the primary key, we create a new Todo object and call the initWithPrimaryKey constructor that we created.  The primary key gets passed as well as a reference to the database.  This allows the Todo object to essentially “look itself up” in the database.  Finally, we add the newly created Todo object to our array of todos.

The last statement sqlite3_finalize clears the statement from memory and does some other cleanup.

The last part of this tutorial is calling these functions to create and initialize the database.  So add the following code to applicationDidFinishLaunching:

We are simply calling these functions.  You can now click Build and Go but your application won’t display anything!  You might be quite frustrated that you completed this portion of the tutorial and have yet to see anything.  Well, stay tuned! I will have the next portion of this tutorial up soon.

For you ambitious programmers you could move on.  If you notice, at this point we are in a similar situation as the fruit tutorial.  We have an Array of objects that will eventually populate a UITableView.

This tutorial will be a 4 part series and I will show you how to use a few more controls.  We will be adding, editing, and deleting todo items.  If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments.  Also, if you get lost you can download the sample code here

Happy iCoding!

-Upen Kothiya